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What is chronic total occlusion (CTO)?

Chronic total occlusion, commonly referred to as simply CTO, is a complete blockage of a coronary artery, lasting longer than three months. Once plaque has built up to the point of complete blockage, blood flow to the heart is compromised. If left untreated, CTO can lead to a slew of health issues including pain and fatigue, among others.

Coronary artery disease, also known as CAD, is the most common type of heart disease and a leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States.

What are the causes and risks?

This condition is a result of a buildup of cholesterol and other material, known as plaque, on the walls of the arteries that can cause health problems and lead to a heart attack.